The Homeless in Georgia 2008
What is homelessness?
Homelessness is an issue difficult and complex. So much so, that there is still
disagreement on the definition of who is truly homeless and who is not. The
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) defines a person as
"Homeless" if he or she:
is in an emergency shelter or transitional housing / supportive • to
homeless, or
• resides in a place not intended human habitation, such as cars, parks, sidewalks,
abandoned buildings, encampments, and dilapidated buildings
The U.S. Department of Education uses an expanded definition that includes
people who are:
• doubled up with family or friends because of its economic condition
• People living in motels and hotels for lack of other suitable accommodation
• migrant workers living in homes unfit for habitation
The State of Georgia in the Act creating the State Housing Trust Fund for
Homeless in 1988, defined as homeless individuals and families who lack access
or can reasonably expect not to have access to traditional or permanent
housing can be considered as safe, sanitary, decent and affordable. "1
Because of variations in the definition of homelessness, this report
mainly using the narrower definition HUD, unless otherwise indicated.
What is chronic homelessness?
Approximately 25% of the population experience homelessness for long periods of homelessness or
were many homeless people episodes.2 These chronically homeless
use a disproportionate share of public services and are vulnerable following
homelessness. HUD considers someone chronically homeless if he or she is
unaccompanied, was suffering from a disability and has been homeless continuously since
year or had at least four episodes of homelessness over the last three years.3
What is the impact of homelessness?
Homelessness has a profound impact on individuals and families it affects
including increased health problems, increased mental health problems, difficulty
with maintaining employment, separation of families, and so on. Even if we can
sympathize with people who are in a difficult situation, it is fair to ask why homelessness
questions to the wider community. Homelessness affects more than just
individual or family. It affects the whole community in a number ways. Costs
homelessness include:
• Educational attainment is low and development in children homeless
• Uninsured medical costs for a population with high rates of disability
• The costs of public safety, including police and jail costs for offenses such as
panhandling, loitering or vagrancy
• sanitation and litter control in parks and public spaces where homeless
gather
• high cost emergency shelters, transitional housing and support services for
individuals and families homeless
• costly crisis services such as emergency room and ambulance services
and hospitalization for conditions of acute and chronic health and
mental health crisis
• lost wages and incomes of people who would otherwise be able to work if
they had a permanent address
Myth: Homeless people are a fixed
A February 2006 article in the New Yorker tells the story of Murray Barr, a man chronicallyhomeless
living in Reno, Nevada. Police
Officers Patrick O'Bryan Johns and Steve had many interactions with Murray for many years. They started counting costs such as arrests,
incarcerations, ambulance, and hospital admissions during a period of ten years.
O'Bryan officer said: "It cost us one million dollars not to do something about Murray. "
Malcolm Gladwell, "Million Dollar Murray," The
New Yorker February 13, 2006
92% of homeless women
experience serious physical and / or sexual assault at some point in their lives.
Violence Against Women Act March 1, 2007
people who are usually
homeless for long periods
time.
Reality: Research shows that 40% of
homeless people were
homeless within six months,
and 70% were homeless
less than two years.
University of Denver, Project Homeless Connect
www.du.edu / homeless
Million-Dollar Murray
2007 Tri-J Homeless Census - Point-In-Time
Individuals% Total Family Members
Unsheltered 2071 44 2115 31%
Emergency Shelter 2027 359 2386 35%
Transitional Housing 1524 815 2339 34%
Totals and% 5622 (82%) 1218 (18%) 6840 100%
How many people are homeless in Georgia?
The difficulties of counting the homeless in every community single, much less a
great state, have been examined in detail by researchers and advocates
homeless. This report does will not presume to provide a single, definitive and indisputable
number of people who are homeless in Georgia. However, it is important to have at
least some understanding of the magnitude and scope of the problem. Fortunately,
a significant amount data from multiple sources is available to indicate how
people in the State face the daunting prospect of nowhere to live.
Point in time count homeless
The federal response to homelessness is listed in McKinney —
Vento Homeless Assistance Act, enacted in 1987. Programs McKinney-Vento
are administered by many agencies federal, including HUD. To receive federal
funding, communities must organize services in a continuum of care umbrella.
In 2003, Congress passed a law requiring that the continuum of care
make a point in time, homeless figures once every two years. Accordingly, each
Georgia Continuum of Care (COC) have been engaged in an effort to count
State sheltered homeless and homeless.
The COC covering Chatham, Cobb, DeKalb and Fulton Counties and the consolidated
governments of Athens-Clarke, Augusta-Richmond, and Columbus-Muscogee Conduct
Homeless counts annually or biennially. For example, all two years, metro Atlanta
Tri-Jurisdictional Collaborative on Homelessness (Tri-J), composed of the City of Atlanta, Fulton
County and DeKalb County, has over 500 volunteers and staff to walk and drive all of the 750
square miles of jurisdiction from midnight to 5 am, looking for people. This unsheltered homeless canvassing best practice model is coordinated by Community waterways
Network for the Tri-J. On the same night, the Tri-J conducts a census of its emergency
shelter and transitional housing. 25 January 2007, the Tri-J count identified
6840 windbreaks homeless in the county two area.4
Because the Balance of State covers 152 counties, including many in rural Georgia
Department of Community Affairs (DCA) has always made an annual assessment
people in shelters and transitional housing, until 2008, but was not feasible
how homeless count homeless. Starting this year, the DCA has used a sampling
methodology and predictive model developed by Statistics faculty at Kennesaw
State university.5 The methodology took the homeless count homeless in 23 counties to achieve a count under homeless homeless by county. The count data used
in the model included figures from 2007 and 2008. Counts made in the balance of the State were conducted using surveys primarily collected at locations where people receive services.
All efforts count around the state, with the model indicate that there were over 20,000 people in Georgia who were homeless in one point-in-time (one night Snap Shot)
during the last week of January. The number of homeless surveys collected in January 2008 also
included a question on the length of time people were homeless. Using a weighted average of these responses provides an estimate more than 75,000 people who have
homeless in Georgia at some time during a year.
DCA and other COC will again point-to-time, figures in the last
week in January 2009. These figures will provide an opportunity to refine the count
methodologies and update our estimates for 2009. In addition, the figures provide
trend data for participating communities and the state as a whole.
Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) data
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development has also required
Continuums of care use a Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) to
Federal funding programs for the homeless. In Georgia, all continua
adopted using the same system of channels provided by Community
Network. Statewide, 277 service providers homeless use Pathways HMIS. In 2007, these
agencies registered 31,195 individuals and family members, programs of various services.
Who is homeless in Georgia?
Under the "point-in-time count January 2008, 1578 surveys were unduplicated
collected from people around the state who had housing problems. The
investigations focused on the housing situation of respondents and their families
(2,041 people) on the night of January 27, 2008. The housing status of the investigation
Respondents and their family is shown in the table below.
861 428 556 196
People classified as "precarious housed" were staying with family or friends
or in hotels / motels. These individuals would be considered as homeless under the more
expansive U.S. Department of Education definition of homelessness, but not under
the definition adopted by the Department U.S. Housing and Urban Development.
Children were more likely to be in families that were housed in a or precarious living
in homeless shelters. About 71% of survey respondents who were dangerously
housed were women. The homeless homeless were generally middle-aged adults,
59% of survey respondents were male. The homeless shelter were evenly distributed
equitably between women and men. Using the broader definition of homelessness, the
majority of the population of homeless in Georgia are women and children.
What causes homelessness in Georgia?
Two factors play a huge role in the lives of people who become homeless: extreme
Poverty and vulnerability personal.
Extreme poverty
People can become homeless because of:
• income are very low,
• Unemployment or
• lack of provision of affordable housing.
The income and cost Housing
People who are poor face a much higher risk of becoming homeless. The poorest of Georgia
citizens, who earn 50% or less of the poverty level, are particularly at risk.
The housing wage 6
Georgia Non-MSA Metro Atlanta Georgia
Annual income needed to
Afford Fair Market Rent *
One bedroom apartment 25.712 $ 18.949 $ 29.640 $
Two bedroom apartment $ 29,084 $ 22,257 $ 32,960
* Income needed to pay the rent and utilities without paying more than 30% of their income on housing
Dr. Larry Keating, then a professor of urban planning and regional Georgia Tech
conducted a survey of households in low and moderate income who
one or more housing problems (load costs, overcrowding, and / or lack of plumbing
and a full kitchen). 7 Using Census Data 2000, Dr. Keating found
that 256,146 households (renters and owners) were spending 50% or more
their gross income on housing. These are families for whom the cost of accommodation places
they may become homeless. Using these averages, over 725,000 Georgians
live in households paying more than 50% of gross income to housing.
Number of people living in poverty in Georgia in 2006: 1.3 million
Number of people with incomes that are half or less of the poverty level (extreme poverty): 595,665
Nationally, for every 100 extremely low income tenants there were 78 rental units they could afford, but only 44 were actually available. The others were occupied by households with higher incomes.
In Georgia, a family needs for one year
Income $ 29,084 to pay a double
Apartment – well above the
Poverty rate for a family of four.
Out of Reach 2007 – 2008, National Low Income
Housing Coalition
Severely Cost Burden
Number of households
Severely cost burdened Home
Owner households *
97,224
Gravely Cost burden of tenants
Households
158,922
* Households with low and moderate income payers 50% or more of their income on rent or mortgage and utilities on the basis
on 2000 Census data
In December 2007, more than 200,000 Georgians have received SSI (Supplemental Security
Revenue). The recipients of these funds are low-income elderly or disabilities. The
Monthly SSI payment in Georgia (see below) is less than the fair market rent for a onebedroom
flat in state.9
2008 Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in Georgia 8
SSI monthly payment $ 637
Just rent Market for One-bedroom apartment $ 643
Personal Vulnerability
The other factor that plays a role in many people that homelessness is an experience
personal circumstances that leave them vulnerable to homelessness, such as:
• mental illness
• Substance Abuse
• developmental disabilities or brain injury
• disability physical or chronic medical problems
• Domestic Violence
• prior evictions or bad credit
• Criminal History
Many individuals and families have personal vulnerabilities that place them at
significant risk of becoming homeless. Disabilities, including mental illness and addiction
and alcohol abuse, says a terrible toll on people. In the 2007 Metro Atlanta Tri —
Skill Survey, approximately 58% of respondents reported having one or more
disabilities. Among them, 22% had multiple disabilities. From a survey of 24 cities, United States
Conference of Mayors estimated about 22% of the homeless population suffers
from a severe mental illness.10
Domestic violence plays an important role homeless among women and
children. In a 1998 study of homeless parents in ten U.S. cities (most of which were
women), 22% reported that they had left their last place of residence because of domestic
violence.11
The experiments past behavior can also create significant barriers to individuals and
families trying to escape homelessness. Being homeless can lead to arrests
for behaviors such as trespassing and vagrancy. Criminal offenses such as these, and
certainly more serious convictions, may be difficult to pass a required core
check when attempting to rent permanent housing. In addition, some felony convictions
make it difficult to get a bed in an emergency shelter. Similarly, prior evictions
poor credit, it can be difficult to rent decent and affordable housing.
More than 725,000 Georgians live below
households low income pay more
50% of gross income to housing.
Larry Keating. Needs Housing in Georgia: How
Of many and who? December 21, 2004
2007 Guidelines for Poverty
Size of family poverty
$ 1 10210
2 $ 13,690
$ 3 17.170
4 20650 $
$ 5 24.130
$ 6 27610
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/07poverty.shtml
From July 1st, 2007 at May 31, 2008
10,614 adults and children homeless
received services from Georgia
Department of Human Resources for
the mental health or substance abuse.
If only 11% of the homeless in GA
SSI has received all the benefits they are
eligible, the amount Total annual
dollars from the federal government from those
households would be approximately
$ 10,412,963.
What is Georgia to help people who are homeless?
Statewide Initiatives
The State Georgia and many of its communities have actively worked to
address the issue of homelessness for over 20 years. With the creation of the State
Housing Trust Fund for the Homeless in 1988, special funding to help state
individuals and families end their homelessness. Today, the State Housing Trust Fund
provides funding to more than 200 dealers across the state to implement a variety
strategies to fight against homelessness. Funding is a combination of state
and Federal dollars from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
These strategies include prevention of homelessness, emergency shelter, transitional housing,
support services and permanent supportive housing. They also provide funds for
communities to organize resource fairs and participate in counting the homeless.
The Housing Trust Fund provides financial assistance to hire more than 1,200 units
housing for persons and families with disabilities. In addition, the Standing Committee
Supportive Housing Program provides funding DCA Development new
housing units. State and Federal funding to local providers of services
provide support for residents.
The Department of Human Resources (HR) has a number of programs that help
individuals and families that experience homelessness, including funding for domestic
violence services across the Unit against domestic violence awareness through Homelessness
Assistance projects in transition from homelessness (PATH) program, and accelerated
access benefits of social security for persons with disabilities through awareness SSI / SSDI Homeless
Access and Recovery (SOAR) initiative. The initiative SOAR works closely with the
Ministry of Labor and the determination of disability staff to improve safety Name
application process for people who are homeless.
The Ministry of Education, through the McKinney-Vento homeless liaisons in each
school district provides services for children who are homeless.
Services are provided to prevent children falling behind in school because of
homelessness. The Department of Community Health, through Health Care the
Homeless program provides funds to provide primary health care for individuals and
families who are homeless.
There are also several state initiatives to meet the needs of individuals being
released from state prison. One these initiatives is the start of partnership
State Board of Pardons and Parole Department of Corrections, Justice Criminal
Coordinating Council and the Department of Community Affairs. The Department of
Corrections also has a faith and character in Service Re-entry Initiative. These programs
attempt to prevent former inmates from falling into homelessness by connecting them
with temporary housing and job opportunities.
Coordination and collaboration
To coordinate the various initiatives all state agencies working to
fight against homelessness, the state formed the Interagency Homeless
Coordinating Council in 2004. The Council has been able to develop the rule of
Georgia Year Plan to End Homelessness. The Council of Representatives
from multiple agencies and meets quarterly.
The Coalition to Stop Georgia cons roaming (GCEH) is a statewide nonprofit
and advocacy organization that provides training and technical assistance to homeless
providers services, information and advocacy for policy makers, and a hotline for
those facing homelessness. In 2007, GCEH reported providing 460 hours of technical
assistance and training to 132 service providers homeless.
School Children and seniors
Homeless
Homelessness is a profound
impact on children. The data
U.S. Department of Education (DOE)
indicates that if 87% of homeless
young people are educated, only 77%
attend regularly. Homeless families
frequently move their impact
children. A School for Children
Poverty and the study showed 51%
homeless children to transfer schools
twice or more. There are estimates
that 3-6 months of education lost
each movement.
The Georgian Ministry of Education
collects data from each school district
on school children homeless. In
Academic Year 2007-2008, 22,888
Children public schools of Georgia were
reported to be homeless.
Mitchell
Supportive Permanent Housing Beds
Source: 2007 Continuum of housing stocks
Type
Individual
Family Twin Beds
Emergency Shelter 2638 1337
Transitional Housing 2519 2338
PERMANENT HOUSING 2318 1.493
Total 7475 5168
Serve homeless in Georgia:
2007 Bed Statewide Stocks
Local initiatives
Two bodies planning area include the Metro Regional Commission on Homelessness
in metropolitan Atlanta and the Chatham-Savannah Authority for the homeless. There
also a number of coalitions the state and regional levels involved in advocacy,
planning and delivery of services.
A number of communities have used federal, state and local funding to create
innovative initiatives to fight against homelessness. Some Examples of these innovative
Initiatives include:
The 24 / 7 o Se rvice Gateway Center in Atlanta
aa served over 12,000 people during of
last two years. Gateway offers 300 beds
designated for various programs such as mental disorder
health, use and addiction.
There is also a center for women and children
with 30 beds.
No recently in Athens held the first Homeless Project
Log in Athens, based on a national model
promoted by the Inter-United States on Homelessness.
The Athens event had over 140 participants who received a variety of services
including haircuts, health and dental screening, legal counseling, food coupons
applications, and AIDS / HIV testing. Nearly 50 service providers participated to
event.
o An evaluation of education services and community engagement
Linkage program (ECSEL) was launched in spring 2005 by the State of Georgia
University in cooperation with the United Way of Atlanta and Grady Health
System. The evaluation was conducted to assess whether the program ECSEL
improves outcomes clients homeless mentally ill better than the traditional
case management services. ECSEL approach provides more support for
homeless mentally ill the traditional case management. The study
found an average savings of $ 5,200 net per person due to improved
housing status and lower incarceration and hospitalization.12
o Behavioral Health Services Program
Union Mission, Inc. is provided by the
Savannah Behavioral Health Collaborative
(SABHC) in partnership with the Chatham —
Savannah Authority for homeless
Memorial Health University Medical Center.13
The program provides mental health and
treatment programs for abuse of substance
adults in Chatham and surrounding areas.
The services include diagnostic evaluations,
Psychiatric Services, day treatment, group
The therapy of community support, residential services, and medication assistance.
o Hope House, Inc. Augusta held a ceremony of inauguration in January 2008
for its housing project with ongoing support services called "The West Highlands.
Hope House, Inc. provides housing needs long term and a "best practice"
Therapeutic Recovery Program for women and women with children who are
suffering from the disease of chemical dependency and co-occurring mental
health illness. Property consists of 5.22 acres and a building.
Rehabilitation of the existing building will be used as office space for hope
House staff and local clinics to provide support services to its customers.
The development also includes new construction of 42 new permanent seats
housing units for its clients. Construction should be completed within months.
Cobb County non-profit organizations wo work ITH local health care
suppliers to develop alternative investment options for the homeless.
Alternatives are needed that provide places for more appropriate care and reduce
overall system costs of health care. Their research in Georgia and other
States indicates that buy-in by the system of health care is essential to development
a sustainable program. They hope launch of new options this year will
reduce unnecessary hospital admissions for homeless people, while more
effectively using resources of the community.
o The Macon Housing Authority's Shelter Plus Care Program Success
housing assistance combined with support services for homeless people
during the late 1990s. MHA provided housing subsidies and the river
Edge Behavioral Health Center has provided support services to assisted areas
families. However, both agencies wanted to improve the program model base.
To better serve homeless people with mental health and / or substance
abuse diagnosis, MHA, River Edge and In-Fill Housing, Inc. developed Grove
Park Village (see box this page). This 40-Unit Multi-Family Development,
Completed in 2005, provides affordable housing units where residents
do not pay more than 30 percent of their adjusted monthly income rent. River
Edge staffs a case manager, full time in Grove Park Village. The $ 3.2 million
development cost for Grove Park Village has been provided by a permanent DCA
Supportive Housing Program loan using the resources of the federal HOME
Program and the State Housing Trust Fund for the Homeless. When spread
Hours of development, the unit cost is about
$ 2,700 / year compared to the annual cost of $ 84,600 for hospitalization of patients
mental health or substance abuse.
o After the 2000 census, the city of Dalton has become a right CDBG
community and has been required by HUD to complete a consolidated plan. The
Needs assessment for the plan highlighted dismal housing conditions
community. In response, the City has asked the Dalton-Whitfield Community
Development Corporation to help both the city and county governments to address
with this issue. A summit Homelessness was convened in 2005 as the first activity
respond to this request. The Committee for Housing Stability was formed as a
outcome of this Summit homeless. The Committee is composed of approximately
40 organizations who share the need find safe and decent housing for their
customers. The agencies signed a memorandum of agreement to
be able to work to locate all available resources to their client
households. By working together, the Committee for Housing Stability is to help
fight against homelessness and housing stability in Dalton and Whitfield County.
Local 10-Year Plans to End
The chronically homeless
• City of Albany
• Greater Atlanta (Regional
Commission on Homelessness
Members: City of Atlanta and Cobb,
Clayton, Douglas, DeKalb, Fulton and
Rockdale Counties)
• Athens-Clarke County
• Augusta-Richmond County
• City of Macon and Bibb County
• City of Savannah
United States Interagency Council on
Homeless
Jennette and Macon's River Edge
Jennette was first been presented to the
River Edge Behavioral Health Center
in January, 2003. She entered the
installation of the addiction. On
the end of their 14 days long-term
treatment program, Jennette was
placed in an apartment in Macon
More housing through River Edge
Care Program where she lived for two
years. Three months after moving
in Macon and participate in the DUAL
program (which treats clients with
more than one drug) she enrolled
in Central Georgia Technical College
where she graduated with honors
in June 2004, graduating in
Business Management / Supervision
Development. In March 2005,
Jennette has been moved into Grove
Park Village Apartments. Jennette
is still enrolled in the center of Georgia
Technical College and will graduate
in June 2008 with a second partner
Diploma in Office Administration
Technology.
Grove Park Village
Macon, GA
Reunification
Homeless can often be avoided
if individuals are able to reconnect
with family or social support from other
systems. Over the past five years, more than
8000 people have been reunited
with their support systems through
Travelers Aid of Metropolitan Atlanta.
Next Steps
National research indicates that the
The most effective strategy to meet
homelessness is to move people and
families in permanent housing as quickly
as possible. Prevent or minimize
amount of time spent in the homeless
service system and provide services to
individuals in permanent housing
parameters are more effective than long stays in
emergency and transitional shelters. This
change in our understanding of how
best impact of homelessness requires a change
away from the traditional model stays Long shelter and two years of transitional housing
programs. Strategies such as Housing First, a rapid re Housing and Homelessness Prevention
hold promise as better responses to the problem.
A constant challenge for providers of homeless services is resource sufficient, especially
support services. HUD focuses mainly on the financing of housing, with the
expected that the service funding will come from other sources. However, this puts
additional stress on existing support services available in the state. He also
it is difficult for service providers to help those hardest to serve, especially
Chronic persons homeless. Unfortunately, these are often people who are
using a lot of state resources and who need it most.
To better understand what is and is not effective in the fight against homelessness
feedback on the success of programs is important. In 2009 SFY, DCA is
implementing housing support standards which set a minimum level of service
standard and monitoring the success of individuals and families using the service for homeless
system. It is anticipated that these standards and performance measurement will improve
system delivery of homeless services across the state.
Community awareness and public are also challenges to tackle the issue of
homelessness. It is easy in suburban and rural areas to assume that homelessness does
not exist, while in urban areas the homeless are considered a public nuisance.
Better education and awareness on the extent and causes of homelessness
would assist communities in Georgia to meet to discuss the issue. A
example of an education initiative current Community is the mission of the Union
Homeless 101 programs of study in which volunteers are trained on poverty and
homeless before participating in volunteer activities.
A continuing challenge to tackle homelessness is to understand fully the extent
and the nature of the problem. We hope that this report is a first step in increasing of
our understanding of homelessness in Georgia.
Ms. Smith and SOAR
The project team first DHR SOAR met
Ms. Smith under a bridge in downtown
Atlanta. It was 5:00 in the morning
and she had fallen asleep after
having been awake all night due to it
crack. His psychiatric drugs
had been stolen the previous night.
She was wearing an old dirty tank
up and realized all of its assets
in a bag to shreds. She said she
was ready to get off the street and
far from The Awful smell in the
bridge. Ms. Smith was very depressed
and lack the energy to change
clothing or go through her normal
grooming routine.
Ms. Smith was diagnosed with
Bipolar disorder often experience
Symptoms of PTSD
mess. She was using crack
cocaine during the past 20 years. The
drug gives a momentary break
his racing thoughts and Manic
moods. Ms. Smith continued
trying to get treatment for his mental
health symptoms, but often finds its
depression and anxiety unbearable
and if it deals with the symptoms
substances. Its ability to operate in
community had been worsening
over the last 2 years. When we encountered,
She had been homeless more than a year.
Ms. Smith came up with the team
Gateway and refuge for homeless
started talking with us. Ms. Smith
had applied for SSI in the past and
been refused. She had most recently
applied a few months before our
First meeting. On calling the SSA
1-800, we found that
she had been denied for failure —
communicate. Fortunately, we were
able to help Ms. Smith file request
review. Ms. Smith
application has been approved! Since we
were able to appeal its case original
Ms. Smith received retroactive payments and
currently receives $ 623 per month. She
is moving in his own apartment and
receiving outpatient mental health
treatment. She still struggles with his
addiction, but is on the board first
to recovery.
About the Author
Boake Moore is an IT solutions salesman by trade and also founded a non profit coffee company called Mission Grounds Gourmet Coffee -http://www.missiongrounds.com/ourphilosophy.php – the church coffee. It donates all its profits and proceeds to helping orphans and impoverished children. Helping orphans , the church coffee – www.missiongrounds.com/ourchildren.php can be found at Krogers and many churches. And its also the finest Tarrazu coffee coming from the volcanic area of Costa Rica coffee. www.missiongrounds.com
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